12 Particles Of Matter And 4? Forces Of Nature…

Nobody is expecting you to now all of this – but I think it is helpful to add a bit of context to things. And it is interesting with a good song at the end! The current standard model has four fundamental forces explaining what we see in the observable Universe; gravity, electromagnetism, the weak …
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Plant Nutrients Part One…

This entry is part 1 of 5 in the series Plant Nutrients

I have often mentioned the importance of nitrogen (in the form of nitrate) to the growth of plants. It gets mentioned pretty regularly in the questions after several posts and when I wrote about crop circles, Fritz Haber and Norman Borlaug. Plant nutrients often appear as part of exam questions so please forgive me if …
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Force & Linear Motion…

This entry is part 5 of 12 in the series Forces

Time, Distance & Speed The average speed of a moving object is the distance it travels divided by the time it takes. At CE, this will usually be calculated in metres per second (m/s). The equation to use is… speed = distance ÷ time (or s=d/t) You may also need to calculate distance or time, …
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Biological Catalysts…

A catalyst is a substance that enables (or speeds up) a chemical reaction without itself being altered by that reaction. Catalysts, therefore, are not used up as they influence a reaction. Enzymes are biological catalysts – in other words catalysts that operate within living things. The names of enzymes are usually made by putting -ase …
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Atoms & Molecules…

There are about 100 different kinds of atom naturally occurring on Earth. They are the defining structure of an element and cannot be broken down by any chemical means. They consist of a dense nucleus, containing protons and neutrons, surrounded by a cloud of electrons. They may exist naturally as single atoms but more commonly …
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